RIGAUD aka TULA: 23 January 1795 - Capture of the Dutch fleet by the French hussars at Den Helder

Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder

The Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder or the Battle of Texel occurred in the night of the 23 January 1795, and presents a rare occurrence of a "naval" battle between warships and cavalry, in which a French Hussar regiment surprised a Dutch fleet frozen at anchor between the port of Den Helder and the island ofTexel.^[1] After an extraordinary charge across the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry captured 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns.^[2] A capture of ships by horsemen is an extremely rare feat in military history.^[3][4] However, some sources say that no battle actually took place, and that the French Hussars merely accepted a previously agreed-upon surrender of the Dutch fleet.^[5]

The French units were the 8th Hussar Regiment and the 15th Line Infantry Regiment of the French Revolutionary Army. Jean-Charles Pichegru was the leader of the French army that invaded the Dutch Republic. The Dutch fleet was commanded by H. Reintjes. The actual capture was accomplished by Jean-Guillaume de Winter and Louis Joseph Lahure. The action happened during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Background
• 2Capture
  • 2.1Dispute over historicity
• 3Results
  • 3.1Prizes
• 4Post script
• 5Notes, citations, and references
• 6External links

Background[edit]

The port of Den Helder (green) and the island of Texel above in grey.

Den Helder is located at the tip of the North Holland peninsula, south of the island of Texel, on what was then the shallow Zuiderzee bay (Dutch for Southern Sea ; cf North Sea). The Zuiderzee has been closed off and partly pumped out in the 20th century, and what is left of it now forms the freshwater IJsselmeer.

During the War of the First Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars, General of Division Jean-Charles Pichegru was commanding the autumn 1794 campaign during which the conquest of the Netherlands occurred. The French Army entered Amsterdam on the 19 January 1795 to stay there over winter. Well informed, the general found out that a Dutch fleet was anchored at Den Helder, approximately eighty kilometers north from Amsterdam.

The winter of 1794–1795 was exceptionally cold, causing the Zuiderzee to freeze.^[6]

Pichegru ordered General of Brigade Jean-Guillaume de Winter to lead a squadron of the 8th Hussar. De Winter had been serving with the French since 1787, and would later command the Dutch fleet in the Battle of Camperdown.

Capture[edit]

Prise de la flotte Anglo-Batave, arrêtée par les glaces dans les eaux du Texel pendant l'hiver de 1795. by Charles Louis Mozin.

General de Winter arrived at Den Helder with his troops during the night of the 23 January 1795. The Dutch fleet was there as expected, trapped by ice. Each hussar had brought on the croup of his horse an infantryman of the 15th Line Infantry Regiment. After a careful approach to avoid awakening the Dutch sailors (the hussars had covered the horses' hooves with fabric^[7]), Lieutenant-Colonel Louis Joseph Lahure launched the assault. The ice did not break, and the hussars and infantrymen were able to board the Dutch ships. The French captured the Dutch admiral and the vessels' crews; the French suffered no casualties.^[8]

Dispute over historicity[edit]

The traditional narrative of French cavalry storming and capturing the ships at Den Helder is primarily based off French sources. However, the Dutch historian Johannes de Jonge claimed that the Dutch fleet had already received orders on the 21st of January to offer no resistance. Instead, some French hussars merely crossed the ice for a meeting with the Dutch officers to negotiate a handover, contributing to later myth. The legend of a capture on the ice is likely based on an 1819 publication by the Swiss general Antoine-Henri Jomini.^[5]

Results[edit]

The capture completed, the French conquest of the Netherlands was brought to an end and the French Army captured 14 warships, 850 guns, and several merchant ships.^[9] It is one of the only times in recorded military history wherein cavalry captured a fleet,^[10][11] (José Antonio Páez's 1818 cavalry attack across the Apure Riverbeing another).^[12][13]

Prizes[edit]

The ships of the line, frigates, and corvettes received French crews in February 1795. France returned all her prizes to the Batavian Republic in May 1795 against a payment of 100 million Florins.

Ships of the line (5)^[14][15]

• Admiraal De Ruyter, 64 guns, 1200 tons, built 1776–1778; captured by British 1799
• Gelderland, 64 guns, 1200 tons, built 1781; captured by British 1799
• Frederik Willem, 64 guns, 1200 tons, built 1788; captured by British 1797
• Princes Louisa, 56 guns, 350 men; possibly captured by the British 1799
• Admiraal Piet Heyn (or Piet Heyn), 56 guns, built 1774; sold to be broken up 1799

Frigates (3)^[16][15]

• Monnikendam, 40 guns, 270 men, built in Enkhuizen in 1782; captured by the British 1797
• Argo, 36 guns, launched at Amsterdam in 1791; captured by the British in 1796
• Alliantie, 36 guns, launched at Amsterdam in 1788; captured by the British in 1795

Corvettes (6)^[17][15]

• Enkhuizen, 24–26 guns, built in Enkhuizen in 1778–1780; broken up 1800
• Venus, 24–26 guns, built in Amsterdam in 1768; captured by the British 1796
• Echo, 18–24 guns, built in Amsterdam in 1789; wrecked and wreck sold 1796
• Dolphijn, 20–24 guns, completed at Amsterdam in 1780; burnt or captured by British 1799
• Pallas, 20–24 guns, built in Frise in 1781; captured by the British 1797
• Zeepard, 20–24 guns, launched at Amsterdam in 1782; wrecked or broken up 1805

Cutters (4)^[18][15]

• Lynx, 12 guns, built in 1784; prize to HMS Circe October 1799
• Snelheid, 8 to 12 guns, built in Frise in 1782; captured by the British 1795
• Valk, 12 to 20 guns, built in Amsterdam in 1770; captured 1799
• Twee, 8 guns

Hulks^[19][15]

• Admiraal-Generaal, formerly a 74-gun built in 1763 to 1764; sold 1795
• Amsterdam, formerly a 64-gun built in 1763; sold 1795

Post script[edit]

In the Vlieter Incident on 30 August 1799, a squadron of the navy of the Batavian Republic under the command of Rear-Admiral Samuel Story surrendered to the British Royal Navy. The incident occurred during the Anglo-Russian Invasion of Holland. It took place on a sandbank near the channel between Texel and the mainland that was known as De Vlieter, near Wieringen. Two of the vessels the British seized were Admiral de Ruyter and Gelderland.

Notes, citations, and references[edit]

Notes

Citations

1. Jump up^ Hérodote, La bataille « navale » du Texel
2. Jump up^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z, p.1009
3. Jump up^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes, The French Revolutionary Wars, p.36 ArchivedFebruary 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
4. Jump up^ George McDonald, Frommer's Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg, p.353
5. ^ Jump up to:^a b "French Cavalry Defeats Dutch Fleet?". www.napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
6. Jump up^ Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "Histoire humaine et comparée du climat Tome 2: Disettes et révolutions 1740–1860" [1]
7. Jump up^ Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française
8. Jump up^ Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française
9. Jump up^ Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française
10. Jump up^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z, p.1009
11. Jump up^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes, The French Revolutionary Wars, p.36 ArchivedFebruary 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
12. Jump up^ Mitre, Don Bartolome (1893). The Emancipation of South America. Argentina: Chapman & Hall. p. 383. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
13. Jump up^ The Spirit and Manners of the Age. London: Frederick Westley and AH Davis. 1828. p. 567. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
14. Jump up^ Demerliac, p.199, no 1512
15. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Van Maanen, unpublished manuscript.
16. Jump up^ Demerliac, p.199, no 1513
17. Jump up^ Demerliac, p.199, no 1514
18. Jump up^ Demerliac, p.199, no 1515
19. Jump up^ Demerliac, p.199, no 1516

References

• Demerliac, Alain (2004). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2-906381-24-1.
• Van Maanen, Ron, Preliminary list of Dutch naval vessel built or required in the period 1700–1799. Unpublished manuscript.[2]

Dear brothers and Sisters, so you see that the DUTCH FLEET was Captured by the FRENCH, in January
1795, and that is the main reason all the other Islands were Liberated, by RIGAUD and his Mullato
Freedom Fighters.

The CURACAO SLAVES did not want their FREEDOM,